Contents
Introduction
Trade intermediates and natural resources
I. I Middle products (intermediates)
I. II Natural resources
· Raw Materials
Summary
Addendum 1
Bibliography
Introduction
1. Raw Materials - A natural of semifinished god that is used
in
manufacturing or processing to make some other good. Bauxite is the raw
materials (ore) from which aluminum is made; aluminum is turn can be
the raw
material from which household utensils are manufactured. [1]
2. There is another definitions from the subject area of raw
materials
distinct from the above mentioned:
1. Raw materials are products immediately extracted from
nature which have
undergone a first processing through which they have become marketable
and,
consequently, a tradable commodity. Raw materials include all energy
raw
materials (crude oil, natural gas, coal, uranium) , metals, semi-metals
and
industrial minerals (kaolin, graphite, sulfur, salts, phosphates) ,
rocks,
water as well as all plant and animal products, whether they come from
tropical
regions (coffee, jute, tropical timber) or from temperate latitudes
(wheat,
meat, wool, etc.) . [2]
1. Raw material economy: It comprises all activities which are
part of the
planned handling of raw materials, i. e. explanation, evaluation,
extraction,
conversion into a tradable product, trade and forecasting. "Planned"
here means economically useful, ecologically and socially responsible
activities. [2]
1. Resources are all natural material systems which as such
are no
commodities, but the intactness of which is a basic prerequisite for
the
continued existence of the earth's chemical and physical equilibrium
and,
consequently, for the survival of mankind. Resources include: the ozone
balance, the CO2 balance, the equilibrium of sea water, the tropical
forest,
the krill and fish population, etc. [2]
1. World resource balances are the planned (i. e. ecologically
useful and
socially responsible) handling of resources. This comprises: the
explanation,
evaluation, risk assessment and forecasting regarding world resources.
[2]
Current research emphasis [2]
1. international raw material balances
1. supply problems of the industrial countries
1. location disadvantages of the developing countries
1. dumping problems in international raw material trade
1. recycling as a source for raw materials
1. raw material deposits and connected environmental problems
in east
Siberia (addendum 1)
1. structural questions and environmental problems of the
Polish energy and
metal economy[2]
I. Trade intermediates and natural resources
Once international trade in more than final consumer goods is
allowed, basic
notions of comparative advantage need to be re-examined. We have
already
discussed the limitations in a multi-commodity word of comparing
autarky prices
in two countries to predict item-by-item the pattern of trade;
generally only
correlations can be made except under additional assumptions. With
trade in
intermediates allowed, the problems in predicting trade in final goods
became even
greater. As MakKenzie (1945) remarked in one of his classic problem on
the
Ricardian model, the familiar nineteenth century trade pattern in which
Lancashire produced and exported cotton textiles would most probably
not have
been observed if England had had to grow its own cotton. We shall have
occasion
both in this section and to revert to this theme: the pattern of trade
in final
goods may not be readily deducible from the comparison of pre-trade
relative
prices in these markets. [3] I. I Middle products (intermediates) The
phrase
“middle-products” was used by Sanyal and Jones
(1982) to encompass what
traditionally are referred to as intermediate goods, goods-in-process,
and
natural resources which have been extracted and prepared for trade on
world markets.
The core concept in their model is that of a productive spectrum
whereby, at
initial stages, natural resources and raw materials are processed and,
in the
final stages, goods-in-process and intermediate products are locally
assembled
for national consumption. International trade, according to this view,
takes
place in commodities, somewhere in the “middle” of
this productive spectrum,
freeing up a nation’s input requirements in the final stages
of production from
its output tradable middle products at earlier stages. [3] Such a view
of the
role of international trade suggests a natural division between that
part of
the economy which produces commodities (middle products) for the world
market
(including the local economy) , called the Input Tier, and that section
of the
economy which makes use of internationally traded middle products as
input
along with local resources to produce none-trade goods for final
consumption
(the Output Tier) . Ruled out by assumption in the simple version on
this model
is the notion that the “middle” stages of the
productive spectrum might be
“thick” in the sense that tradable middle products
might use other tradable
middle products as inputs. In addition, in production structure in each
tier of
the economy as assumed to resemble that of the specific-factors model.
Labor is
mobile both among sectors in each tier and between tiers. The balance
of
payments provides an additional link between the two tiers; if the
trade
account is balanced, the value of total output from the Input Tier of
the
economy is matched by the value of middle products used as inputs
(along with
labour) in the Output Tier. [3] Several types of questions have been
raised in
the context on this model, and of central concern in each case is the
allocation of labour between tiers and the real wage. Fore example, a
transfer
payment which gives rise to a trade surplus requires labour to be
reallocated
to the Input Tier as consumption falls, and this serves unambiguously
to reduce
the real wage. [3] If domestic (and world) prices of trade middle
products
remain constant to the small country, all non-labour inputs in the
Output Tier
can be aggregated, a la Hicks, into a composite middle product input,
which
serves to convert the production structure in the Output Tier from an
(n+1)
-factor, n-commodity specific-factors model into a two-factors,
many-commodity
Heckscher-Ohlin model. [3] In the middle-products model Input Tier is
the
existence of a world market in which middle products can be exchanged
for each
other that permits such a conversion. [3] The middle-products model
allows
countries and sectors to differ in the extent to which local value must
be
added to transform middle products into final commodities, and much
depends
upon this comparison. It does not, however, focus upon another
question: in a
vertical production structure with many stages, which goods-in-process
or
middle products does a country import and which does it export? Two
recent
papers have tackled this issue independently and with different models.
Sanyal
(1980) assumes that in each of two countries a commodity is produced in
a
continuum of stages, with different Ricardian labor-only input
structures.
Depending upon technological differences and relative country size, a
cut-off
point will be determined, with one country producing the commodity from
raw
material stage to some intermediate point, and then exporting this
good-in-process to the other country where labor is applied to finish
the
production process. By contrast, Dixit and Grossman (1982) use a
specific-factors model, with one of the commodities (manufacturing)
produced in
a continuum of stages using capital and labor (the other sector using
land and
labor) . These stages are arranged such that, as goods-in-process
develop
towards the final stage, more labor-intensive techniques are required.
Thus
with two countries, the labor-abundant country will tend to specialize
in later
stages of the productive spectrum. [3] They analyze how endowment
changes alter
the cut-off point, as well as investigating issues related to content
protection. [3] I. II Natural resources As Chapter 8 in this volume
discusses,
the normative question of pricing natural resources (exhaustible or
renewable)
has received much attention in the literature of the past decade. The
middle-products approach stresses that some activities, the extraction
of
natural resources, must take place locally although international trade
then
allows other countries access to these resources. Obviously,
comparative
advantage changes over time for countries engaged in exporting
exhaustible
resource. In early work Vanek (1963) traced through the changing
pattern of
United States trade in natural resources, and suggested that
asymmetries in
resource use and availability could account for the Leontief paradox.
In a
context of multi-level trade, the costs of recourse extraction in one
country
often depend on the availability of foreign capital. Kemp and Ohyama
(1978)
have presented a simple model of North - South trade in which South
makes use
of Northern capital to develop its resources and exports these
resources to the
North where they are used to produce final commodities. They put their
model to
use in exploring the normative issue of different degrees of bargaining
strength and ability to exploit via export taxes and tariffs in the two
regions. But the model also stresses the involvement of capital flows
in
resource extraction. Schmitz and Helmberger (1979) argue strongly for
complementarity between trade in resources and trade in capital, a
point also
stressed by Williams in his 1929 article. We turn to consider more
generally,
now, the interaction between trade in goods and trade in factors. [3]
Addendum 1
Siberia is Among Leaders in Raw Materials Markets[5] Siberia's
rating looks
more impressive in some groups of goods than its 7-th general placing.
Split
the whole flow of commercial projects into 9 groups of goods, and for 6
of them
Siberia joins the leading three:
Timber and Paper
I Siberia 32.6
II Moscow 19.1
III St. -Petersburg 14.2
Fuel
I Siberia 20.3
II Urals 13.2
III Moscow 12.3
Chemical Products
I Moscow 17.2
II Siberia 15.7
III St. -Petersburg 11.9
Construction Materials
I Moscow 22.0
II Siberia 14.1
III Urals 5.6
Transportation
I Moscow 23.6
II Siberia 12.4
III Volga 12.1
Metals
I St. -Petersburg 20.9
II Urals 19.6
III Siberia 11.7
Bibliography
1. “The New Polgrave a dictionary of
economic” Editor: J. Eatwell, M.
Mmilgate P. Newman
2. Chair of Raw Material Economy and World Resource Balances
Prof. Dr. rer.
nat. E. Machens (temporary appointment)
3. “Positive Theory of International
Trade” Editor: R. W. Jones, J. P. Neary
(pages 31-37)
4. “The World Economy History &
Prospect” Editor: W. W Rostow (part 52
“The Future of the World Economy” , pages 610-618)
5. “Siberia is Among Leaders in Raw Materials
Markets” Editors: Alexei
Alexeev, Andrey Kiselev
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