Economy in Russia
The Russian is reach in natural resources in the past few
years the Russia
try to remove from a centrally controlled economy to a market economy.
In spite
of decline Russia has various branches of industry, such as
metallurgical,
automobile and chemical industry. Russia is divided on 11 economic
regions such
as: North, North west, central, Volga, Ural.. And Asia: West Siberia,
East
Siberia, and the Far East. Russian s machine building industry provides
most of
the Federations requirement for steam boilers and turbines, electric
generators, grain combines, automobiles and electric locomotives and
machine
tools, instruments and automation components. Important automobile
factories
are located in Moscow, Н. Новгород, Ярославль Ижевск. Rus. textile
industries are
heavily concentrated in the European sector especially in the central
region.
Russian agriculture is not so developed. But some of the main crops
grown on
the South are wheat, fruits, on the North are wheat, barley, oats,
vegetables.
Cattle breeding and pig raising make up an important branch of R.
agricultural.
Forests is a very important branch for Russian. But in Rus. can not use
the
resources more effectively. In Rus. the resources is sold as the raw
materials.
It is necessary to employ of manufacturing. And then we will live
better.
The Russian Art
The most important form of early Russian art was the icons.
The word icon
means image in Greek. Icon is the religious pictures of Christ and
Saints on
wooden panel. They decorated churches, mostly placed on the
iconostasis. In
Russia the finest icons were produced from the midforteenth century. In
that
time a specific national style icon painting was formed. Russian icon
painting
reached the highest point of its achievement in the works of Theothan
Greek, Andrey
Rublev and Dionissy in the mid-15 century. Andrey Rublev is a Russian
greatest
iconpainter. In 1408 he was engaged on the murals in the Cathedral of
the
Assumption at Vladimir when he also produced his version of the icon of
Vladimirs Virgin. And well known cuch icons as Спас and Троица which
was found
in Vladimir. A. R. s icons is expressed a distinct filling of harmony,
deep
spirituality, grace and the beauty of the colors. Rs works is one of
the
greatest creations of medieval Russian painting. Intimate [intimeit]
намекать,
Severe[sivie] строгий, Distinct [distinkt] отличный, тчетливый.
Creations
[krieishn] создание, творение. In the2th half of 19th
century
artists of the Wanderers group started painting scenes of contemporary
life.
Vasiliy Perov, Ivan Kramskoy, Aleksey Savrasov, Ivan Shishkin, Valentin
Serov
and Vasiliy Surikov were wanderers. The works of Wonderes are displayed
in the
famous picture galleries: the Tretiakov Gallery in Moscow, the Russian
Museum
in St. Petersburg. They called themselves the Wanderers, because they
wanted to
realize their ideals by taking wondering exibitions tthroughout the
country.
The most clear represenative of Wonderers in my opinion was Vasiliy
Surikov.
[1848-1916]. He was the first of the W. Hewas born in Krasnojarsk in
Siberia.
His masterpiece was the Боярыня Морозова. [1887] Its an enormous
painting-both
in size and scale. A decorative surface rhythm and strong horizontals
are other
eharacteirctics common to Russian art, both ancient and modern, and
like wise first
recovered in the work of Surikov.
The English Art.
The 18th century, the Golden Age of
British Art. The 18th
century, the great age of British painting. It was in this period that
British
art attained a distinct national character. Hogarth was followed by a
row of
illustrious painters: Thomas Gainsborough, with his lyrical landscapes,
fancy
pictures and portraits, Reynolds, who painted charming society
portraits and
became the first president of the Royal Academy. William Hogarth was
unquestionably one of the greatest of English artists and a man of
remarkably
individual character and thought. It was his achievement to give a
comprehensive view of social life within the framework of moralistic
and
dramatic narrative.
His masterpiece of the famous series was Marriage a la Mode.
This set of
pictures describes a marriage between the daughter of a rich man and a
young
lord, the son of an old earl. The Girls father has brought a bag full
of money
with him. Their children are together but apart: the young man is
watching
himself in the glass; the girl is listening to a young Counsellor. The
pictures
round the room help understand the situation. In one of the pictures
Madam sits
listening to the young Consellor, whose portrait hangs in her room.
Other pictures
in the series show My Lord who amuses himself with a bad company. He
returns
home tipsy. Madam wastes her money at auctions. The end is known. My
Lord
attacks the Counsellor, who kills him and is executed. Moral: do not
listen to
counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money;
don't
visit auctions unknown to your husband; don't have bad friends.
Otherwise you
will be ruined.
Mass media
The most popular sources of entertainment and information are
the press,
radio, tv, and movies. The press plays an important part in the life of
society. Millions of Americans in their free time read newspapers. The
English
word ‘newspaper’ does not really. Describe
everything that you can read in this
kind of publication. Newspapers include not only stories about recent
events
(news) , but opinions, advertising, and other non-news items. The first
American newspaper was called Public Occurrences Both Foreign and
Domestic.
This paper was first published in Boston in 1690. Now there are about
2,600 newspapers
published in the USA. The New York Times, the Washington Post, and the
Los
Angeles Times are three of the most important daily papers that
describe
foreign and domestic news. The radio does not interfere with your
activities.
You can listen to the radio while doing some work about the house,
reading a
book or driving a car. On the radio one can hear music, plays, news,
and
different commentary and discussions called
‘forums’. At a forum several
authorities exchange views on social, economic and political problems.
A
peculiar feature of the American radio is soap opera. It is a
sentimental
serial drama that describes domestic problems and which is for
housewives. Soap
opera is usually broadcast every day. Most people find soap opera
boring. There
ate a lot of games on the radio. They are called ‘panel
games’. Radio brings
also cultural and educational programs. Many programs are made up of
classical
music. Television is a ‘chewing gum for ears and
eyes’. There are many serials
on TV in the USA. They appeared in the 1950s. TV games- attract a large
audience, too. During TV quiz programs TV viewers answer different
questions.
There is a lot of education on television. For example, you can take a
TV
course in history, political economy, management, banking and in many
other
subjects, or learn a foreign language by TV. Educational TV films and
programs
are shown in schools and colleges as a part of the curriculum.
Не подходит? Заказать реферат нашим авторам? Вы также можете добавить свой реферат
Реферат прочитали 587 чел.